Dashavatar Cards
Folk Painting
History
King Bir Hambir (1591–1616) of Mallabhoom introduced Ganjifa to Bishnupur after encountering the Persian card game at Akbar’s court. Inspired by the Persian word “ganj” (treasury), he commissioned the Dashavatar Taash, a 120-card deck with ten suits representing Vishnu’s incarnations. The game required five players and followed strict seasonal rules, turning play into a ritualized celebration of devotion, strategy, and storytelling.
Raw Materials and Tools
Raw Materials: Traditional Ganjifa cards were made from ivory, shell, or wood, but today cloth is used. The base is stiffened with tamarind paste and gum arabica, then dusted with chalk for smoothness. Natural dyes once dominated, though commercial watercolors are now common.
Tools: Fine brushes for detailing, scissors for cutting circular forms, and lacquer for sealing the vibrant, durable designs.
Process
Artisans layer cloth with tamarind paste and gum arabica, then dry and dust it with chalk powder for a smooth surface. Circles of about 4.5 inches are cut out and hand-painted with intricate mythological designs using natural or commercial colors. The backs are painted vermilion and sealed with lacquer for shine and protection. The traditional method ensures longevity and intricate craftsmanship, making each set a unique piece of art.
Design and Color
Ganjifa cards depict Hindu gods, goddesses, and mythological symbols such as Dashavatar and Das Mahavidyas. Colors carry symbolic meanings: blue for Vishnu, green for Rama, white for Matsya, and vermilion for backgrounds. The king and minister cards feature royal imagery, while numbered cards display lotuses, animals, and celestial symbols. Originally, natural dyes were used, enhancing both spiritual and visual richness.
Product Range
Today, Ganjifa cards are crafted primarily for decorative and collectible purposes rather than gameplay. They appear as wall art, framed paintings, coasters, bookmarks, jewelry boxes, trays, and other lifestyle products. Some artisans recreate Ganjifa designs on fabric, paper, and leather for contemporary adaptations. Revival efforts include selling rulebooks with card sets and organizing Ganjifa workshops and tournaments.